Retoričko pitanje kao instrument političke borbe / Rhetorical Question as an Instrument of Political Struggle

Ciceronov Prvi govor protiv Katiline / Cicero’s First Speech Against Catiline

Abstract

This paper explores the ways in which Cicero employs rhetorical questions in his First Speech Against Catiline as powerful tools of political struggle, moral condemnation, and audience mobilization. The rhetorical question — a question not seeking an answer but emphasizing a point— proves to be a key instrument in Cicero’s rhetorical strategy, playing an important role in structuring the argumentation and guiding the audience through a logical progression of the speech, from frustration to moral superiority. The author frequently uses this device to introduce accusations, evidence, or proposed measures, and at times as a transition between sections of the speech. Moreover, rhetorical questions often serve to reinforce the speaker’s authority; in this case, they emphasize Cicero’s power, moral stance, and responsibility as consul. Presenting himself as a protector of the Republic who does not seek answers because he already knows the truth, Cicero turns the rhetorical question into confirmation of his role as prophet, leader, and lawgiver. The strategic use of rhetorical questions in the First Speech Against Catiline thus represents a pinnacle of classical rhetoric, demonstrating how a stylistic figure can function as a powerful means of political action and public engagement, enabling Cicero not only to attack Catiline but also to transform the Senate into an ally and to create a sense of inevitable action and collective responsibility in defense of the Republic.